Marx And Friedrich Engels s Impact On The 21st Century

Looking back at these two works written in the mid to late 19th century, it has become clear the benefits and detrimental aspects of the opinions of the writers. The statements and arguments made by each author will be considered in the general impact each philosopher had on the 21st century. In 1848 when Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels wrote the first edition of the book that would define their worldview, they saw an issue with the fragmentation of the communist beliefs and were commissioned to put the beliefs of the communists into a clear document to demonstrate what they stood for. Many of their ideas are now outdated, and some have been implemented in current society with unsuccessful results. Marx advocates the violent overthrow of governments to equalize the people of the country, rationalizing it as a way to overthrow the regime of the bourgeoisie. As seen in history, this can often lead to a state where the country is plunged into civil war or genocide, with an equally oppressive or more tyrannical leader than before. The attempt of leaders of many nation-states to adapt Marx’s ideas of nationalizing the agricultural process has resulted in increased costs for the consumers of the nations, and preventing them from negotiating trade contracts. The spread of globalization has increased, but contrary to the beliefs of Marx, there has not been a push to remove the borders of nation-states because of the similarities of the nation’s workforces. Any attempt to annexShow MoreRelatedThe Pros and Cons of Functionalism and Marxism2300 Words   |  10 Pagesother. I will do this by writing a critique the advantages and disadvantages of both of the theories and thus, resulting in my own personal opinion in the conclusion. Marxism derived from German philosophers Karl Marx (also a political economist/ sociologist) and Friedrich Engels in the middle of the 1800s. ‘Marxism is based on the idea that society is defined by the conflict between the ruling class (Bourgeoisie) and the working class (Proletariat) and these beings the two main classes’ (HartRead MoreEssay on The Pros and Cons of Marxism1907 Words   |  8 PagesThe ideology of Marxism, established by German philosopher Karl Marx, is a collectively known set of assumptions of a political ideology, which focuses especially on analysis of materialist interpretation of historical development, or on class struggle within the society. The primarily approach of Marxism, nonetheless, was the critique of capitalism. The strength of his inquiry lies in belief of inevitable shift from capitalism and he aims to advocate the new form of ideology and economy, the socialismRead MoreEssay about Marxism and Its Contribution to the World Politics324 0 Words   |  13 Pagesinternational relations. Two German thinkers Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels developed a theory mainly based on a materialist view of history and society in early 1900s, which is commonly referred as Marxism. Since its introduction to the political science Marxism have become one of the core schools of thoughts in international relations. However, Marxism in practice has evolved and shown differentiations from the initial thoughts and ideas argued by Marx and Engel. Especially Bolshevik leaders such as LeninRead MoreBranches of Philosophy8343 Words   |  34 Pagesenjoyment, sensory-emotional values, perception, and matters of taste and sentiment. †¢ Logic deals with patterns of thinking that lead from true premises to true conclusions, originally developed in Ancient Greece. Beginning in the late 19th century, mathematicians such as Frege focused on a mathematical treatment of logic, and today the subject of logic has two broad divisions: mathematical logic (formal symbolic logic) and what is now called philosophical logic. †¢ Philosophy of mind dealsRead MoreGlobalization and It Effects on Cultural Integration: the Case of the Czech Republic.27217 Words   |  109 Pagesforefront of mans complexities. With these thoughts in mind, man has moved through history trying to satisfy his desires in relation to others. The advent of the twenty-first century gave birth to the idea of making the world a single village, thus, globalization. Globalization is the most talk-about issues in the 21st century. However, there is the difficulty of the world to come up with a single and uniform definition. This is because, so many people doubt if the happenings in the world today areRead MoreInternational Management67196 Words   |  269 Pagesbusiness and the increasing importance of corporate social responsibility and sustainability in global management. We have incorporated the latest research on the increasing pressure for MNCs to adopt more â€Å"green† management practices, including Chapter 3†™s opening World of International Management which includes discussion of GE’s â€Å"ecomagination† initiative and a boxed feature in that chapter on the BP oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico. We have updated discussion of and provided additional emphasis on the

The Things They Carried By Tim O Brien - 976 Words

In â€Å"The Things They Carried†, Tim O’Brien presents a different perspective on what war is really about, along with the burdens constantly borne by soldiers. Through his use of flashbacks, imagery, and pathos, O’Brien shows just how the life of a soldier is much more than war and violence, but combating the burdens of life that soldiers carry with them. Right from the start of his story, O’Brien mentions flashbacks and shows their influence in the mind of a soldier like Jimmy Cross. The story starts off with Jimmy telling the reader about a girl from back home named, Martha. As soon as she is mentioned he drifts into a reminiscent state of mind, imagining romantic camping trips, but this is short lived, as he is quick to jump back into reality and move his men along. However, it is not long before he beings to think of her later that night. This begins the first of many flashbacks throughout the story. Less than a page later, O’Brien writes abou t a memory involving Jimmy and Martha at a movie theatre. He recalls the movie they saw, what happened between them, and what he wishes would have happened as well. The more they occur, these flashbacks serve as a contrast acknowledging that the country of Vietnam is not the only thing that is war-torn. As O’Brien inscribes more and more about how Jimmy daydreams about Martha, the reader begins to realize his attention should be elsewhere. After finishing each fantasy, the author jump back into the real world. DiscussingShow MoreRelatedThe Things They Carried By Tim O Brien892 Words   |  4 PagesThe Vietnam War was a long, exhausting, and traumatic experience for all of the soldiers and those who came with them. The Things They Carried, by Tim O Brien illustrates the different affects the war had on a variety of people: Jacqueline Navarra Rhoads, a former nurse during the Vietnam war, demonstrates these effects within her own memoir in the book, The Forgotten Veterans. Bo th sources exemplify many tribulations, while sharing a common thread of suffering from mental unpredictability. DesensitizationRead MoreThe Things They Carried By Tim O Brien1377 Words   |  6 Pageslove to have it as good as we do. Tim O’Brien’s The Things They Carried discusses many veterans who experience the burden of shame and guilt daily due to their heroic actions taken during the Vietnam War. The book shows you how such a war can change a man before, during, and after it’s over.     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   As I reflect on the many conflicts America has been a part of, none can compare to the tragedies that occurred in The Vietnam war. As told in The Things They Carried (O’Brien), characters such as NormanRead MoreThe Things They Carried By Tim O Brien1242 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"Tim O’Brien is obsessed with telling a true war story. O Brien s fiction about the Vietnam experience suggest, lies not in realistic depictions or definitive accounts. As O’Brien argues, absolute occurrence is irrelevant because a true war story does not depend upon that kind of truth. Mary Ann’s induction into genuine experience is clearly destructive as well as empowering† (p.12) Tim O’s text, The Things they Carried, details his uses of word choice to portray his tone and bias. Tim O’BrienRead MoreThe Things They Carried By Tim O Brien1457 Words   |  6 Pagesthe theme pertains to everyone regardless of thei r background. It conveys the same ideas to people from all across our society. Lastly, a classic is timeless, which means it has transcended the time in which it was written. In Tim O’Brien’s novel, The Things They Carried, he offers a new, intriguing way to view war or just life in general and also meets all of the crucial requirements mentioned above to qualify it as a book of literary canon. Though this book is technically a war novel, many peopleRead MoreThe Things They Carried By Tim O Brien1004 Words   |  5 Pages Tim O’Brien is a veteran from of the Vietnam War, and after coming home from his duty he decided to be a writer. His work â€Å"The Things They Carried† is about a group of soldiers that are fighting in the Vietnam War. The first part of the story talks mostly about physical items that each soldier carries, and also mentions the weight of the items as well. Though, there is one exception to the list of physical things. Lieutenant Cross is a character of the story, and Tim O’ Brien quickly states theRead MoreThe Things They Carried By Tim O Brien1169 Words   |  5 Pagesbut are set in the past and borrows things from that time period. A story that fits this genre of literature is The Things They Carried. The story is about Tim O Brien, a Vietnam veteran from the Unite States, who tells stories about what had happened when he and hi s team were stationed in Vietnam. He also talks about what he felt about the war when he was drafted and what he tried to do to avoid going to fight in Vietnam. The Things They Carried by Tim O Brien was precise with its portrayal of settingRead MoreThe Things They Carried By Tim O Brien896 Words   |  4 PagesTrouble without a doubt is what First Lieutenant Jimmy Cross carried around his shoulders because he was out in war, where mistakes happen. Lost and unknown of his surroundings he had to lead his men into safety, while destroying anything they found. First Lieutenant Jimmy Cross only holds onto one thing for hope and that is Martha, the woman who he hopes is a virgin to come back to. Tim O’ Brien introduces symbolism by adding a character that has a meaning of purity and a pebble, which symbolizesRead MoreThe Things They Carried By Tim O Brien Essay832 Words   |  4 PagesSummary: â€Å"By and large they carried these things inside, maintaining the masks of composure† (21). In Tim O’brien’s The Things They Carried, the American soldiers of the Vietnam War carry much more than the weight of their equipment, much more than souvenirs or good-luck charms or letters from home. They carried within themselves the intransitive burdens—of fear, of cowardice, of love, of loneliness, of anger, of confusion. Most of all, they carry the truth of what happened to them in the war—aRead MoreThe Things They Carried By Tim O Brien1407 Words   |  6 Pages       Our introduction stated that in â€Å"The Things They Carried,† author Tim O’Brien tells us not directly of the soldiers of Vietnam, or the situations they find themselves in, but about the things they carry on their shoulders and in their pockets. These â€Å"things† identify the characters and bring them to life.   I find that to be true as the author unfolds the stories about war and the uncommon things one carries in to war both inadvertently and on purpose.  Ã‚  Ã‚  As it was noted: Stories about war –Read MoreThe Things They Carried By Tim O Brien1369 Words   |  6 PagesMany authors use storytelling as a vehicle to convey the immortality of past selves and those who have passed to not only in their piece of literature but in their life as an author. In Tim O’Brien’s work of fiction The Things They Carried, through his final chapter â€Å"The Lives of the Dead,† O Brien conveys that writing is a matter of surviva l since, the powers of storytelling can ensure the immortality of all those who were significant in his life. Through their immortality, O’Brien has the ability

Drug Abuse in Modern Day Society Free Essays

Drugs: Positives And Negatives In Our Society Imagine a man who is in his late 20’s, a recent graduate of medical school, happily married to his high school sweetheart. He is about to have a child right when his addiction to heroine flourishes. Due his inability to quit the addiction, he loses his job and his wife no longer wants anything to do with him, which leads him to have nothing left. We will write a custom essay sample on Drug Abuse in Modern Day Society or any similar topic only for you Order Now He is thrown out on the streets, without any will to change his life around and get back on track.While one will argue that the effects of drugs bring good things to the people, a lot of others will look down upon the use of drugs. This depends on which type of logical conscience you are discussing with. In modern day culture, we are a little more accepting to the use of specific drugs as compared to previous eras. Drug use is not beneficial because it causes a loss of motivation, social isolation and an increase in criminal behavior. Drug use causes a loss of motivation, which prevents the user from achieving his/her goals.Due to drug use, addicts let drugs take over their lives and as the addiction continues, using becomes their main focus. Further more, devotees generally forget about crucial aspects of their lives, such as: family, friends, work, school, and other important factors. When a user is addicted to a specific drug, they scare of their friends who don’t agree with their addiction. Friends have a tough time understanding, especially if they are not using themselves. This can be very crucial because these friends do not want to be there for the user and make it harder for them to recover.Any given drug can lead these users to let the controlled substance interfere with their abilities to build upon their careers. This influences the junkies to lose their jobs by being unproductive and unsatisfying to their employers, which leads to a lack of will to succeed. In other cases, drug fiends give up on improving their lives. Juveniles are especially vulnerable to drug addiction because of immaturity and peep pressure. This carries over to them dropping out of school and making it harder for them to develop a future.Users ignore their dream of having their own family, which distances them from any potential partners. When humans don’t have anyone left, no money, no job and nothing to care about, they just give up even more and have a state of mind that discourages them completely. At the point of total loss, an addict gets cut off from society and thus, ruins his/her ambition to get back on track and start a new chapter in their lives. Social isolation results from drug addiction. When addicts fall into the habit of abusing drugs, they alienate themselves from their loved ones.This ultimately leads to a contrast in priorities between the two parties. Families do not sympathize with the situation of the addict, which leads to the user being kicked out on the streets and being financially and emotionally cut off. When this occurs, it abolishes communication and may possibly lead to further difficulties for potential recovery. At this point, it is hard for the user to seek aid. Junkies tend to look to their friends for help and a little more understanding, but often, the devotee pushes his or her friends away through paranoia. The drug user sometimes thinks that their friends are trying to hurt them or do bad things to them, so they no longer trust their friends. Other times, the user is in a state of mind, which leads them to do anything necessary to obtain their desired drugs, which results in the addict to steal money or the drug from them. While getting used to this particular pattern of stealing, this act continues until the friendship comes to an end. When two or more friends do not continue to view things on the same level anymore, then the friend ship is in danger.Mainly when connection is lost them the tolerance of the user is non-existent. Users do things in ways where friends find it completely not acceptable and run away from the addict. Social isolation between the addict and the general public continues. The user often abuses until they get caught. Once getting cut off entirely by their families, the user continues to hide their addiction from people who’s goals are to potentially help overcome the addiction. Overall, social alienation is crucial to one fiend’s life, but sadly, occurs too often.Drug use fuels criminal behavior as a means to supply one’s addiction. When an addict is tied to the constant need for drugs, he/she will do whatever it takes in order to supply themselves. The easiest way to obtain these drugs is by either stealing the drug itself or money to buy it. Addicts will start to commit violent acts to get money once they are homeless and have no way of getting the drug. One of the most popular tendencies is to rob houses and stores. Drug fiends will go around stealing from stores and robbing people of their money to go buy drugs.After the crime is committed, many of these victims of violence will be greatly against these devotee’s and not accept them into society. Leading people to turn away from wanting to help the addicts. One of the most common outcomes of committing a crime is getting into trouble with the law. When the users get caught for stealing, they get arrested and sentenced to jail time depending on the severity of the crime. Once in jail, the addict will most likely not even be able to get their hands on the drug ever again and cause serious risks to their health, in terms of withdrawal’s. When an addict steals the drug itself, they feel as if they can get away with anything, which is not what we would want as a society. When citizens see homeless people who look like they have seriously abused drugs, they are turned away from them completely and at this point there is nobody left to help them. Despite their abundance in our culture, drug use is not something that should be practiced. Although it may make one feel better in the short term, the long-term affects can be devastating.The long-terms affects could be a threat to your future because you can be held back from achieving your goals and education. It can also greatly depend on a user’s power of will. If the user can control themselves and not let the addiction get in the way of their lives then drugs wont be a problem, but rarely being the case. Drug use causes one to lose motivation, socially isolate themselves and engage in criminal behavior. These are the reasons why drug use is overwhelmingly negative. How to cite Drug Abuse in Modern Day Society, Papers

Bi Sexuality Of Emily Dickinson Essay Research free essay sample

Bi Sexuality Of Emily Dickinson Essay, Research Paper The inner-workings of Emily Dickinson # 8217 ; s mind continue to be an mystery to literary bookmans, worldwide. Dickinson # 8217 ; s agoraphobia caused her to populate a lone and privy life in her Amherst, Massachusetts place for a big part of her life. # 8220 ; She seldom received visitants, and in her mature old ages she neer went out # 8221 ; ( Ferguson, et. Al. ; 1895 ) . It is besides known that she was in love with a married adult male ( no 1 knows for certain precisely who this adult male was ) who finally ended their relationship and this left her really distraught. Some bookmans believe that at one point in her life, Dickinson suffered a nervous dislocation, perchance caused by the break-up of the relationship. A adult female named Rebecca Patterson exposed the most dramatic and lurid disclosure about Emily Dickinson # 8217 ; s life. Patterson # 8217 ; s discovered that many of the emotional love poems that Dickinson wrote were addressed to adult females. She published her findings in a 1951 book entitled The Riddle of Emily Dickinson. It was subsequently found out that Dickinson wrote many letters of sexual phantasy and yearning to several adult females. The most noteworthy of these adult females was her good friend and sister-in-law, Sue Gilbert. The find of Dickinson # 8217 ; s fondness for adult female does non belie the fact that she was profoundly in love with a adult male at some point in her life. There are many love verse forms that Dickinson wrote to work forces. In today # 8217 ; s society, Emily would likely be considered a bi-sexual. Homoerotic ideas and inclinations were non a possibility during Dickinson # 8217 ; s clip because the thought of homosexualism had yet to be socially constructed. That is the ground she had to conceal the true purposes of her poesy. The love poems that Dickinson wrote to work forces are clearly different from the love poems that Dickinson wrote to adult females. This paper will analyze assorted illustrations of Dickinson # 8217 ; s love verse forms and point out those differences. Many of Dickinson # 8217 ; s love verse forms had sexual undertones. There is an evident difference between the sexually expressed verse forms that were written to work forces from the 1s that were written to adult females. Poem # 616 is an illustration of a verse form that was written to a adult male. This verse form blatantly exhibits Dickinson # 8217 ; s sexual intercourse with a adult male and more specifically her description of an climax. The first stanza has both Dickinson and her lover climax at the same clip. Merely as her lover is making his sexual extremum, Dickinson ( much to her surprise ) started to make hers. In the 2nd stanza Dickinson provinces, # 8220 ; I sang firm-even-chants, # 8221 ; she is depicting the feelings of ecstasy and cloud nine that she experiences as she is traveling through the climax. The 3rd stanza describes the connexion or intimacy that they felt as their organic structures soothed and recovered from their minute of rapture. The 4th stanza Acts of the Apostless as an ode to her comrade # 8217 ; s # 8220 ; low Arch of Flesh # 8221 ; ( phallus ) , which brought her so much pleasance. The 5th stanza in the verse form is an look of the joyous sentiments she felt after holding experient something as inexplicably enjoyable as an climax. In the last stanza Dickinson refers to the power and control that she has over adult male # 8217 ; s quest for sexual flood tide. The sexual verse form that Dickinson wrote to or about adult females were more discreet than what she exhibited in poem # 616. In poem # 211 Dickinson uses nature as a metaphor to exemplify the public presentation of a homosexual act between two adult females. Come easy, Eden! Lips unused to thee, Bashful, sip thy jasmines, As the fainting bee, Reaching late his flower, Round her chamber busyness # 8217 ; Counts his nectars-enters, And is fifty ost in balms! The first line in the verse form has a dual significance. First, it can merely be seen as one adult female naming for a adult female to come towards her. However, the first line could besides be touching to a adult female # 8217 ; s sexual climax. In the remainder of the verse form, Dickinson is naming out to a adult female who is non experienced in feminine homosexual Acts of the Apostless. She is stating the adult female she admires to convey her # 8220 ; bashful, lips unused # 8221 ; into the country of her lower appendages and gustatory sensation its nectar merely as a bee would take the nectar from a flower. In the 6th and 7th lines Dickinson is portraying the anxiousness of the state of affairs. The other adult female is diffident whether or non to take part in the sexual act because it is non an recognized norm of society. However, the last line of the verse form tells the reader that the adult female did stop up # 8220 ; sipping thy jasmines # 8221 ; and exhaustively enj oyed it. Dickinson wrote many verse forms that paint a portrayal of grief and jilted love. Although the verse forms of love # 8217 ; s desperation could use to both work forces and adult females, many of these verse forms show a changeless battle for power and independency in the relationship. These are the verse forms that most probably referred to her relationships with work forces. An illustration of these verse forms is # 751. In the first stanza Dickinson inquiries her value and worth as a adult female. Her important other inspired these feelings of diffidence. The 2nd stanza refers to the outlooks that have been placed on her by the adult male in her life. It says that she should adhere to her # 8220 ; loving credo # 8221 ; of back uping the adult male and making whatever he asks of her. The last stanza shows Dickinson accepting her function in the relationship and her topographic point in society. The stoping of the verse form does non demo her giving in to the suppressing outlooks placed upon her by work forces. Dickinson meant the stoping to be sarcastic, likely to animate adult females non to be their husband/boyfriend # 8217 ; s courtesans. Many of the love poems that Dickinson wrote for adult females have a shaping feature. In these verse forms, Dickinson frequently expressed a deep desire to link with her spouse emotionally. One of these verse forms is Dickinson # 8217 ; s poem # 84. Her chest is fit for pearls # 8217 ; But I was non a # 8216 ; Diver # 8217 ; Her forehead is fit for thrones But I have non a crest. Her bosom is fit for home- I-a Sparrow-build there Sweet branchlets and string My perennial nest. The first two lines in the verse form do two different things. First of wholly, she is paying court to the adult female that she has feelings for. However, the first two lines besides tell the reader right off that she does non seek a relationship with a adult female for the sexual facet of it. In the following two lines, Dickinson continues her congratulations of adult females in general and besides for the one specific adult female that she admires in her life. The last four lines in the verse form stipulate the seeking of an emotional fond regard to a adult female. Dickinson # 8217 ; s mention to the other adult female # 8217 ; s bosom as a place implies that fact. Other illustrations of her poesy show that Dickinson was non having the emotional support she needed from heterosexual relationships, so she looked for it elsewhere. Emily Dickinson # 8217 ; s poesy non merely contributed extensively to the universe of literature but it besides helped animate the female voice to interrupt free from the bonds of subjugation that society placed upon it. Her composing told adult females that it was o.k. for them to show their feelings, adversities, and desires no affair how taboo the topic might hold been or how negatively society would hold perceived them. For these grounds Emily Dickinson # 8217 ; s Hagiographas and poesy will go on to be studied and admired by adult females for coevalss to come.

School is a preparation for life Essay Example

School is a preparation for life Paper The facts I used were biased against Ray, because I want society to stamp down on men like that. I think that my newspaper was quite successful in attracting readers. I did put pictures in colour that were eye-catching and I used some factual information and statistics that I think, may have surprised and attracted some readers. I really wanted to include alliteration in my title but I just couldnt think of one. I think that the quality and attention in put into my writing was minimal because of the time-pressure and because of the fact that are other courseworks from other subjects to complete.I have no computer at home and had to use the computer at school, which proved to be a great disadvantage, because it reduced the time that I spent on the computer and thus reduced time spent on this coursework and other courseworks from other subjects. Unexpectedly, I did enjoy making an article, despite all the hard work and research that I had to put in. At first, I was reluctant, to complete this coursework, finally I gave in to this reluctantly and started doing it. I never thought I could write a 500 word article, amazingly when I put my mind to it, I found that my writing had by far exceeded my expectations.The experience I have gained from this article has led me to believe not to become a reporter, and has actually allowed my to fully appreciate the amount of work a reporter has to do, in eve n more time pressure than me. I then realised that some good has come out of the early deadlines that teachers set us, since this will help us cope in real life, School is a preparation for life. Since I myself included many presentational devices in my article, I can fully understand the mechanics behind the presentational devices that professional writers use in newspapers.I also know what the particular presentational devices are implying to do to the reader. I have learnt a great deal from this piece of coursework from the differences between a tabloid and a broadsheet. Broadsheets will try to make things serious and states facts and statistics. Tabloids usually provide information for entertainment purposes and always try to look at the funny side of things. Tabloids are condensed and smaller than broadsheets so that it is more user friendly and portable. We will write a custom essay sample on School is a preparation for life specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on School is a preparation for life specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on School is a preparation for life specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer

Egyptian Architecture essays

Egyptian Architecture essays My project is on Acient Egytian Pyramids. Pyramids were meant to be monuments to the pharaoh's greatness.The ancient Egyptians built pyramids as tombs for the pharaohs and their queens .The pharaohs were buried in pyramids of many different shapes and sizes from before the beginning of the old kingdom to the end of the middle kingdom. Pyramids did not stand alone but were part of a group of buildings which included temples, chapels, other tombs, and massive walls.There are about eighty pyramids known today from ancient Egypt. The three largest and best preserved of these were built at the beginning of the Old Kingdom. Architecture of the First Dynasty evolved from simple structures of wood, reeds and mud, to larger, more complicated buildings of brick and later of stone. During the First Dynasty, the traditions of wood structures had a strong influence on the later buildings constructed of brick and stone. Mat and reed textures are imitated on many stone walls giving a distinctly Egyptian character to the architecture. The earliest form of pyramids are the step pyramids. Step pyramids are several mastabas stacked on top of one another. Mastabas are are flat tombs that had a hidden tomb deep inside. The first step pyramid was bulit for King Djoser in Saggara. The most well known pyramids was built for the pharaoh Khufu. It is known as the 'Great Pyramid'. The Great Pyramid took 20 years to make and is one the greater wonders of the world. Some people think this pyramid wasnt made for a tomb but as a absorvatory. The second largest known pyramid in Egypt is The pyramid of Khafre. Its 10 feet shorter than the Great Pyramid. You can still see parts of its original casing at the top of the structure. After the completion of the building of the Great Pyramid, King Khafre had to make somthing to live up to his fathers Great Pyramid. Khafre wanted to build his pyramid on higher ground giving the illusion ...

2.The 1945 election put democratic-collectivist tatisme into the Essay

2.The 1945 election put democratic-collectivist tatisme into the saddle (D. Marquand). Is this a fair assessment of what the 1945-51 Attlee governments stood for - Essay Example 12), a slogan made to advertise the party’s intentions. The social change that made them prepare for the future included establishing the Socialist Commonwealth of Great Britain. The Labour Party liked to see itself as the party of Commonwealth (Fielding, 2004). This manifesto proved very attractive to a nation that was upset due to war and was looking forward to meaningful social and administrative changes. The measures taken by Attlee’s administration regarding food rationing deserve praise (Chick, 2002). The prime minster had pressure to radically reconsider Britain’s military commitments because of financial and economic difficulties (Heinlein, 2002). He was even forced to slow the demobilization (Ovendale, 1994). The party’s manifesto gave the nation hope. Attlee’s administration was offering the nation something new that made them believe that the pre-war poverty and atrocities wont return. They offered the nation a whole new way of living (Francis, 1997). David Marquand, a well-known critique of Britains social and political atmosphere and history, quotes in his book about Attlee’s first Chancellor of Exchequer, Hugh Dalton promising the nation about building a new society and having power to do it. Marquand’s claim bear a lot of truth to it. Since 1918 the British society has gone through many social and political changes. The Labour Partys victory in the 1945 elections surround the debate about democratic collectivist statism. One needs to understand what collectivism means. In Latin it means to gather together. It is an ideology that encourages societies to think on collective bases and not on individual needs. It states that collective human behaviour is morally much stronger than individual actions. It is because it takes care of all human beings with the premise that individual actions should not benefit the individuals. They should be intended to serve the community. The collectivist also believe

The Feasibility of Different Techniques for Providing Fresh Water to Assignment

The Feasibility of Different Techniques for Providing Fresh Water to Arid Regions of the World - Assignment Example As the essay declares a Water Program for African Arid & Water Scarce zones has been launched by the Italian ministry for Environment & Territory that aims at developing potential water resources management to protect water regions’ fragile environment. Deteriorating qualities caused by hydrological challenges are threatening fresh water resources available within such areas. Frequently, accessible water within arid regions is limited to ground water. Following short duration as well as high intensity rainfall events, surface inflows are frequently restricted to flashfloods. According to the report findings water, like other resources, happens to be at the edge of diminishing, more specifically within world’s arid regions. Within the near future, individuals living in arid regions are going to run short of water supply if they use all the accessible surface water. Such water is harvested from nearby fresh water rivers and springs. Borehole drilling is quite common within arid areas due to grave shortage of water within the regions. Ground water harvesting is considered a viable option since it does not require maintenance costs. This is an approach that aims at converting sea water to fresh drinking water. This happens by way of eliminating salt found within sea water. This is one among the oldest and commonly used techniques for treating water. This is a very practicable approach especially in assuring freshwater supply within arid regions. Desalination has the capability to remove most contaminants within water.

Ethics Foundations Paper - Business Ethics Essay

Ethics Foundations Paper - Business Ethics - Essay Example Some engagements in business could be legal but then again not ethical. Ethical reasoning regarding business conventionally has been described by two essential approaches. One approach outlines ethical behaviour as a duty or formalism or deontology. Formalism is a duty-centred ethical principle that is frequently derived from moral values entrenched in religious foundations. For instance, the Ten Commandments create guidelines for moral deeds. Various faiths have their identifiable sources of publicized truth for example the Koran in the Muslim faith. Within the boundaries of their guidance, moral ethics are collective, unconditional and undisputable (Boucher and Kelly 158). When an act is forbidden by religious teachings that function as the basis of an individual’s moral or ethical principles, the act is regarded as unethical for that individual and must not be accepted, irrespective of the consequences. Ethical principles based on an impression of duty can also be exclusively consequential to moral values. John Rawls’ social contract theory gives a significant contemporary illustration of how formalism has prejudiced philosophy about business as well as subjective ethics. This theory apprehends itself with exactly how to build an unbiased society given the various variations in prosperity, awareness, and social status. Rawls proposes a humble first step in defining the ethical standards on which an unbiased society can be constructed (Rawls and Rawls). This can be accurately illustrated by ignoring factors like wealth, intellect, gender, strength, race, or social ranks. Rawls suggests two ethical ideologies which include: first, every person is eligible for assured equal basic rights, comprising of autonomy, own security, and freedom of association. Second, even if there may perhaps be inequalities (social and economic), these disparities must be built on anything an individual engages in, not on who

Indian Culture And Infosys Ltd Commerce Essay

Indian Culture And Infosys Ltd Commerce Essay Throughout management history, culture has played a more important role in organisation for both employers and employees, as it provides a background to understanding an organisations identity rules and mission. This essay evaluates the effect of organisational culture based on the theoretical research, Cultural Dynamic Model of Mary Jo Hatch (1993), as well as observations of the companys climate and interview with one of the employees of the company. It will consist of the general information about culture, features of Indian national identity, basic culture theories and description of the Cultural Dynamic Model and its main processes. Limitations of this analysis will also be mentioned at the end of the report. Moreover, each part of the report will include an application of the processes of the model to the Indian IT company Infosys Ltd, which specialises in offshoring technology services and has more than 100,000 employees worldwide. Considering the culture within organisations, it is essential to emphasise that culture is an extremely difficult topic, and it can be defined in many ways  [1]  . According to Lundberg (1990) culture as a day-to-day sense may be understood intuitionally, and includes a variety of aspects, such as being a broad and shared by group members psychological phenomenon within any stable organisation with a history. It has invisible symbolic and deeply buried values and assumptions in its core, which can be gained and modified in some rare cases  [2]  . Indian Culture and Infosys Ltd. Infosys culture is a reflection of its co-founder, Narayan Murthy, who imposed a southern Indian culture, and consequently recruited individuals from that region. As the company grew, it decided to recruit from different regions to take advantage of the countrys cultural diversity. Kanungo, Sadavarti and Srinivas (2001) suggest that organisational culture in India has been linked to organisational success or less successful performance (p.30). This explains Infosys strong culture and drives to improve employees well-being. In order to manage diversity, corporate policies became more flexible and employee focused by providing benefits such as accommodations, sets of recreational facilities and other advantages for their welfare  [3]  . Hence, Infosys recognise the importance of cultural differences because of its potential to increase the companys overall performance. Furthermore, Indian opinion leaders and policy makers encourage employee involvement, as organisations cant afford to neglect their cultural dimension (Kanungo, Sadavarti and Srinivas , p.51). Additionally, organisations that can nurture the innovative dimensions of their culture in a person-centered manner are more likely to treat culture as a meaningful organizational process (Ibid., p.52) that encourages growth of IT in India. Cultural Theories Allaire and Firsirotu (1984) see organisations as sociocultural systems and organisations as systems of ideas. In the former, social and cultural components are integrated and synchronized in the organisation, where the focus lies with values, norms, and beliefs and with the interaction of individuals who constitute concrete collectivities (Ibid., p.195). In system of ideas, culture is located in the minds of culture-bearers or viewed as systems of knowledge of learned standards for perceiving, believing, evaluating and acting (Ibid., p.148). Furthermore, Schein (1990) has an alternative approach to organisational culture. In his research he identifies it on three levels: observable artifacts, values and basic assumptions. The observable artifacts are the visible manifestations of an organisations culture such as the physical and material objects and the level of technology. He suggests that it includes everything from the physical layout, the dress code, the manner in which people address each other, the smell and feel of the place, its emotional intensity (Ibid., p.111). The values, which are located between the artifacts and the basic assumptions, determine the behavioral norms. At this level the focus is on how people feel and think (Ibid., p.112). The Basic assumptions are difficult to detect and change. They determine the unconscious perceptions, thought processes, feelings, and behavior of individuals (Ibid., p.112). The model below displays Scheins model of organisational culture. Source: Schein 2004, p. 26 The chosen model The model we will apply to Infosys is Mary Jo Hatchs (1993) The Dynamic Model. It is an enhanced model based on Scheins (1985), which emphasises on symbolic and process factors. The Symbols aspect was introduced to the elements of Scheins model, which makes this model more complex. Connecting these elements together made a spinning wheel structure, which was interpreted as being able to operate both forward (proactive/prospective) and backward (retrospective/retroactive). This in turn has created a more dynamic relationship between the elements as opposed to a static relationship between them. The Mary Jo Hatch model we will use is displayed below. C:UsersFrankDesktopdynamic model.jpg Source: Hatch 1993, p. 660 Manifestation The point of entry to using the model is variable, as this will be influenced by the research topic. For this particular study, we will use assumptions as the starting point for our analysis (Hatch, 1993). The process between assumptions and values is manifestation, which can be further sub-categorised into proactive (assumptions to values) and retroactive (values to assumptions). Infosyss vision is to be a globally respected corporation. The underlying assumptions consist of having high standards and having an enthusiastic approach to learn, as well as being hard working, competitive and honest. The processes of proactive manifestation shapes these intangible assumptions into distinct values of the company, such as impressing the client, being the market leader, being fair and ethical as well as constantly striving for perfection (Infosys Ltd, 2012). Retrospective manifestation occurs when there is a change in values, which can lead to possibly maintaining or transforming existing assumptions. The CEO of Infosys and managing director included employees as intangible assets in their 2011 balance sheet and stated that their employees were their value. Numerous employees assume that their employer, disregards their hardworking efforts, which contradicts existing assumptions. Ultimately, it could possibly have enough influence to change the current assumptions and create a new set of assumptions. Realisation According to Hatchs dynamics model (1993), an organisations artifacts are the most realisable aspects of its culture. Realisation transforms values into artifacts (proactive realisation) and accordingly, keeps or changes the existing values through the production of new artifacts (retroactive realisation). As emphasized by one of the ex-employees of Infosys, the company has built an environmentally friendly strategy. This can be made clear from Infosys operating using a clean power source of windmills that are attached to each building and the use solar powered mini-vans for handicapped and pregnant women for transportation within the company. Furthermore, they give large amounts of money to charities, focusing on poor people and children education. In addition, following a natural disaster in any part of the world, an online portal is opened for donation transactions. If an employee wishes to donate money it will be debited from their salary. Infosys believes that everything should be provided for the people it employs. Most of the buildings are like well designed and include food courts, sport facilities and employee care centers. In some cases a 4-star hotel is included, as well as gardens and other leisure facilities. Infosys wants to encourage communication between project members and employees to create a good work ethic, for example various activities are organised after each project completion to help employees get a better understanding of each other, to ultimately promote efficient work processes and good outputs/performance. Awards for the most effective people are presented each year. In addition, employees have the chance to meet and talk to the top management team. Moreover, there are daily quiz competitions and music meetings organised for the employees. Mondays and Tuesdays everyone is required to be in formal dressing. There is a flexible approach to communication, employees are encouraged to talk informally to each other and fun and jokes are allowed. The methods above increase employees effectiveness and creativity. People are generally self-motivated inside the company as they are continuously monitored by their supervisors and managers who use a check list of attributes. The monitored period is discussed on a 6 month basis as a part of the appraisal cycle. Regular efficiency reports are also distributed to announce the department with the best performance. Moreover, there are weekly internal newsletters informing the employees of the companys news and other relevant subjects. These cultural artifacts have been incorporated in the organisations culture through a long process of experimenting and assessment in order to reflect the companys values. Since they are absorbed in the culture, they work retroactively to realign values as culture adjusts to their presence (Hatch 1993, p.667), which means that artifacts through retroactive realisation have the ability to alter the organisational values throughout time, although it is a long process. Symbolisation Symbols are referred to the visible, the physical manifestations and to the indicators of organisational life. Symbols are experienced as tangible and can be noticed through sound, touch, sight and smell (Rafaeli and Worline, 1999). Symbols and artefacts are indistinguishable and a list of organisational symbols consists of the corporate logos, slogans, stories, visual images and metaphors (Gioia, 1986 cited in Hatch, 1993, p. 669) while corporate behaviour consists of values and norms and corporate communication consists of public relations and advertising. In Infosys a particular dress code is followed which is considered as a part of companys corporate design where men are required to wear full sleeve shirt and tie and women are meant to wear full formal wear like salwar kamij. Prospective symbolisation suggests that an artefact is an objective form in a literal meaning. Firstly they arise as just artefacts and by adding cultural processing they get recognised as symbolic forms by the organisation (Brown,1993 and Tompkin, 1987 cited in Hatch, 1993, p.670). Retrospective symbolisation enhances prospective symbolisation which furthers the meaning of the aspect. In addition, Infosys logo remains one until retrospective symbolisation takes place which results in the emblem meaning much more such as an image for purpose and vision corresponding to its slogan Powered by Intellect, driven by values (Infosys Limited, 2004). Corporate behaviour is the attitude of an organisation when it is considered as a single body. Values define customer satisfaction and leadership. Norms are for the long term development of Infosys and the best standards of corporate governance should be applied for greater prosperity such as an increased customer base and profits. The company applied a good level of external communication and it never compromised on its profit margin. External clients are aware of the Infosys service quality, are never concerned about bargaining the terms and conditions and always wants to give their business to the company. Also, the company keeps its client well informed concerning progress of their project, through weekly meetings. Infosys is a knowledge intensive company which recognises the value of its human assets in maintaining an enhanced culture. The business activities of the company are anchored into the pillars of corporate behaviour which are business ethics and corporate social responsibility. According to the interviewee Infosys main ethic is based around the notion that Client is the Boss and that it tends to prioritise client requirements over its own as long as their margin standards are met. Also, Infosys adopted schools in villages and took full responsibility of education of children; ex CEO runs his own non-governmental organisation in which they use to raise funds for the poor. Interpretation In terms of cultural assumptions, it can be useful to refer to not only the Dynamic Model, but also the original model of Schein, where the assumptions are viewed as the core content of the organisational culture. As basic assumptions consists of unconscious and strong granted beliefs within an organisation (Schein, 2004), in Infosys it can be seen as a less hierarchical and friendly atmosphere between employees as a part of the culture of the organisation. However, from a cultural dynamic perspective, interpretation is considered as a bidirectional process that contains an interaction between current symbols and basic assumptions. Schutz (1970, cited by Hatch, 1993) claimed that interpretation was a significant medium for establishing the meaning of an experience and involved the retrospective and prospective interpretations simultaneously. The former is a move from basic assumptions to current symbols, which can be seen in relation to Infosys as the activities for a successful completion of the work. Emotional satisfacion from the rewards can be related to the competitions and games organised by the company. The Prospective path introduces an influence on basic assumptions from symbols, such as newly created activities and rewards systems, which may influence the creation of new assumptions and opinion within the company. According to Ricoeur (1976 cited in Hatch, 1993: 674) interpretation should be viewed as a second-order experience of symbolisation which can be distinguished with the direct experience. Hatch (1993) summarised interpretation in two points: Firstly, current symbolisation experience was interpreted in an existing cultural frame and revised assumptions by constructing some new meaning. The prospective interpretation focuses more on the move from external symbols to company assumptions and also involves a reciprocal effect. Infosys describes itself as multi-cultural because of its global and diverse recruitment base. It may be a significant reason and stimulus for the free, active, inclusive and innovative work atmosphere inside the company. Employees from different nations and regions bring various and contrasting opinions and work styles to the workplace, which promote the development of innovative and specific ideas, methods and perspectives. Multi-cultural employees offer a special cultural content for Infosys, who gives a symbolic significance to it. Secondly, cultural assumptions had effects on symbols and supplied opportunities for culture to re-establish existing symbolised content and engage new symbols. Infosys emphasises on its innovation and freedom, for example it organises events at least twice a year where lower level employees get to meet top management. Sports, culture and art are supported and several fun clubs and activities are provided. It also has a rich internal communications to supply opportunities for employees to know how their organisation works, how decisions are made, and what drives the company to develop. Limitations of report interview Although the chosen model for this analysis is very complex, there are still limitations to the report. Firstly, the fact that only one person was interviewed limits the report because the perception of an individual does not necessarily represent the rest of the employees. Moreover, our main source of information is the Infosys official site. However, it is understandable that there is a strict policy about the information available on their website. Secondly, the Cultural Dynamic Model has a few underlying limitations. Hatch tried to fill the gaps in Scheins model by adding symbols as a new category and used the interpretation process to explain the relationship between symbols and assumptions. However, the explanation for this process was relatively short in comparison to other processes within the model. Furthermore, the processes of the model concentrate on cognitive and social behaviours, but not on the relationship between the members of the organization (Hatch 1993). Future research should work on expanding the interpretation processes of the model to make it clearer, as well as including interrelationship factors into the model. Conclusion Infosys emphasises on the importance of culture. It uses a hierarchical structure, however this does not imply it uses a rigid chain of command, and a strict set of rules. The Company values its employees, its diversity and the different skills and working practices employees bring to it. Furthermore, it is concerned with their well being and this can be shown by employees being classed as assets on their balance sheet. It provides a relaxing environment for employees to work in and provide them numerous benefits to increase productivity, efficiency and innovation. In addition, it enables low level employees to meet and interact with top management by organising at least two events every year. Additionally, certain rules and regulations still exist to ensure efficient working practices. Infosys has found the right proportion of rules and regulations with freedom and relaxation, and this is what gives it strong organisational culture. Word Count: 2,648

The Monkeys Paw by WW Jacob The Speckled Band by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle :: English Literature

The Monkeys Paw by WW Jacob The Speckled Band by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle Both of these stories have similar characteristics. They are memorable and well described. They are both original. Also locations are very isolated and mysterious. Each one keeps our interest up to the final twist. But there are some differences. The first and most clear is their genre. †The Monkey’s Paw† is a horror type story, whereas â€Å"The Speckled Band† is a detective story. Other differences are the amount of locations within the story. â€Å"The Speckled Band† is set in many different locations some being the office and the Roylett house. On the other hand â€Å"The Monkey’s Paw† is only set in the family home. â€Å"The Monkey’s Paw† opens in a dark and gloomy setting. It becomes more mysterious when Mr. White bears a guilty grin, which makes us wonder what is going to happen. The mystery continues further when the Sergeant Major arrives and talks of wild scenes from distant parts, as he has served in the army in India for a long time and has picked up as strange talisman, which has been mummified called the monkeys paw. The monkeys paw is special because it can grant you wishes. Mr. White is very excited and wanted to know more of this mysterious talisman. The sergeant is trying to put Mr. White off, wanting to have the paw by saying, â€Å"the last man that use the paw used his last wish to be dead†. The sergeant eventually throws the paw on to the fire but so that it is easy to retrieve. Mr. White grabs the paw before it can burn. He makes his first wish and wishes for two – hundred pounds, which seems a safe sum. He sees an evil face in the fire and the monkeys paw moves as if it was alive. This begins to scare and concern him. When his son leaves for work in the morning he jokes about the wish and says to his parents that the money â€Å"might drop on his head from the sky† and â€Å"don’t break into the money before I get back†. This is ironic, as Herbert doesn’t return home as he dies at work due to the evilness of the wish. Around the time Herbert is due home from work, a man in a suit is outside the house that seems reluctant to enter it. Eventually when he does enter it is to break the news of Herbert’s death. The writer cleverly times this as he introduces a sense of tension into the plot when the amount of compensation is the exact sum

Poetic Style of Robert Frost

Robert Lee Frost, New England’s cherished poet’s, has been called America’s purest classical lyricist and one of the outstanding poets of the twentieth century. He was a modernist poet. During his childhood he thrived in English and Latin classes and discovered a common thread in Theocritus' and Virgil’s poetry, and in the romantic balladry. Frost’s style was influenced by the early romantic poets as we can see the romantic features in his poems and also by the contemporary British poets as Edward Thomas, Rupert Brooke and Robert Graves.Many of his poems had to do with nature and transcendentalism. â€Å"Of all his poetic elements, Frost's style seems the hardest to pin down. Actually one cannot pin it down, but something could be said to further our un-enlightenment†, says Lawrence Thompson. He then moves on to state what Frost said about style in a letter to his friend Louis Untermeyer dated March 10, 1924, â€Å"style in prose or verse is that which indicates how the writer takes himself and what he is saying†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. His style is the way he carries himself toward his ideas and deeds.†Randall Jarrell a poet/critic praised Frost’s style as, â€Å"No other living poet has written so well about the actions of ordinary man. † The essential element of Frost's style is his choice of words or diction. He uses everyday (simple) words you would use in conversation. Frost writes his sentences with meter and rhythm to increase their beauty. His style also comprises of various elements such as lyric and narrative, with characters, background and imagery drawn from New England, choice of rural (pastoral) subjects and realistic depiction of ordinary life and people.He also uses many poetic devices adding to the craftsmanship of the poem. Language used in his poems is simple and rustic. Frost is universally recognized for being a pastoral poet who deals with the subject of everyday life of the humble dwel lers in the countryside with their works and loved ones, with their joys and sorrows, and the background setting is nature. Many of his most famous poems (such as â€Å"Mending Wall† and â€Å"Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening†) are inspired by the natural world, particularly his time spent as a poultry farmer in New Hampshire.Ironically, until his adulthood in New England, Frost was primarily a â€Å"city boy† who spent nearly all of his time in an urban environment. It is possibly because of his late introduction to the rural side of New England that Frost became so intrigued by the pastoral world. Frost states that â€Å"Poetry is more often of the country than the city†¦Poetry is very, very rural – rustic. It might be taken as a symbol of man, taking its rise from individuality and seclusion – written first for the person that writes and then going out into its social appeal and use.†Ã‚  Yet Frost does not express pastoral only i n terms of beauty, as in a traditional sense. Instead, he also emphasizes the harsh conflicts of the natural world: the clash between urban and rural lifestyles as seen in his poem â€Å"Mending Wall†. Frost’s poetry is simple and clear. Richard Wilbur points out â€Å"it is not written in the colloquial language of an uneducated farm boy, but rather in a beautifully refined and charged colloquial language. † Poems are said to be lyric, narrative or dramatic and Frost wrote in all these three forms.Lyric poetry's are usually short; expressing personal thoughts and feelings, and it is spoken by single speaker about his own feelings for an object or a person. For example ‘Mowing' is a lyrical sonnet where Frost talks about the speaker's own opinion or rather ideas about the sound a scythe makes mowing hay in a field by a forest, and what this sound might signify. Narrative poetry tells us a story of a single event. For example: ‘Out, Out' is a narrativ e in blank verse written in a continuous structure where Frost talks about the death of a boy in a farm (accident).Dramatic poems have speaking characters as in a little play. Frost's dramatic poems fall under four categories- ballads, linear narratives, dramatic monologues, and dramatic narratives. One of Frost's famous poems ‘The Death of a Hired Man' is an example for dramatic narrative which is written in blank verse. Frost has written many poems with speakers engaged in conversation like ‘A Hundred Collars' and ‘The Death Of A Hired Man', he has always been interested in distinguishing New England speakers who are highly characterized in his poems because he was born in San Francisco and spent his early years there..â€Å"I could enumerate more derivations in Frost's conversational style, but the point is that this style doesn’t try to imitate the inconsequentialities of spoken discourse† (Charney, Maurice. 1). Charney also stated â€Å"Frost is not at all like David Mamet or Harold Pinter, although these two dramatists are probably just as far from the realities of everyday conversation as Frost. † His use of ordinary conversational style is tremendous. Symbolic and metaphorical devices are one of the elements of Frost's poetic style.Frost said, â€Å"Every poem I write is figurative in two senses. It will have figures in it, of course; but it's also a figure in itself – a figure for something, and it's made so that you can get more than one figure out of it. â€Å"(Cook Voices p235). The use of metaphorical devices in Frost's poetry is more obvious. Metaphor is a figure of speech in which a comparison is made between two things which are not alike. In most of his poems we can see the use of metaphors; he is notably a poet of metaphors more than anything else.For example: In the poem ‘Putting in the seed' the planting of seed in the garden, in spring time is like (compared to) making love, in another poem of Frost called ‘Devotion. ‘ the passive but ever-changing shore and the persistent energetic ocean are compared to a devoted couple. .Frost said,† Poetry begins in trivial metaphors, pretty metaphors, ‘grace metaphors,' and goes on to the profoundest thinking that we have. Poetry provides the one permissible way of saying one thing and meaning another. People say, ‘Why don't you say what you mean?'We never do that, do we, being all of us too much poets. We like to talk in parables and in hints and in indirections – whether from diffidence or from some other instinct†. †¦ Excerpt from an essay entitled â€Å"Education by Poetry† by Robert Frost. Symbolic representation may be an object, person, situation or action which stands for something else more abstract. For example: In the poem ‘Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening' even though there is no one overt symbol in the poem, the entire journey can represent life's jo urney. â€Å"Dark woods† also become a powerful recurring symbol in Frost.There are certain signature images that become symbols when we look at Frost's work namely, trees, birds and birdsongs, solitary travelers, etc. Inspired by the romantic poets, Frost's works influence romantic features as in the use of imagery. Poetry indirectly appeals to our senses through imagery. Frost’s use of â€Å"the sound of sense† is most successful because of the clarity and colloquial nature of his poetry. It is only because of this clarity that Frost is able to explore topics of emotion, struggle, and conflict that would be incomprehensible in any other form.

ACT Essay

Why You Shouldn't Copy Skeleton Templates for the SAT/ACT Essay SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips - Creating your own essay skeleton can go a long way towards helping you prepare for the SAT or ACT essay. Having an essay template ready to go before you take the test can reduce feelings of panic, since it allows you to control at least some of the unknowns of a free-response question. It can even be helpful to look at other people’s essay skeletons to get an idea what your own essay template should look like. But when does using an essay skeleton go from a great idea to a huge mistake? Keep reading to find out. feature image credit: Skeletons taking a selfie @ Street art @ Walk along the Amstel canal @ Amsterdam by Guilhem Vellut, used under CC BY 2.0/Cropped from original. Disclaimer: Most of the advice in this article is most useful for the old SAT essay (and, to some extent, the ACT essay); it's too soon to know if it's also applicable to the new 2016 SAT essay (although "don't plagiarize" is good advice in pretty much any situation). What Is An Essay Skeleton? An essay skeleton, or essay template, is basically an outline for your essay that you prewrite and then memorize for later use/adaptation. Usually, an essay skeleton isn’t just an organizational structure- it also includes writing out entire sentences or even just specific phrases beforehand. "But how can you do this, and more importantly, what’s the point?" I hear you cry (you sure manage to get out a lot of words in one cry). Creating an essay template for the current SAT essay is pretty simple, as the SAT prompts tend to fall into one of six categories: What should people do? Which of two things is better? Support or refute counterintuitive statements (Is it possible that [an unlikely thing] is true?) Cause and effect (is X the result of Y?) Generalize about the state of the world Generalize about people Because the prompts are, at the core, all "yes or no?" questions, you can somewhat customize your introduction and conclusion. Doing this is especially helpful if you tend to choke under pressure or are worried about your English language skills- you can come up with grammatically correct templates beforehand that you can memorize and then use on the actual test (filling in the blanks, depending on the prompt). Formulating an essay template for the ACT is a little more tricky, as the new ACT essay asks you to read an excerpt, consider three perspectives, come up with your own perspective, and then discuss all the perspectives in the essay using detailed examples and logical reasoning. It’s possible to come up with a useful template, but I’ve not really come across any students using templates in the 200+ ACT essays I’ve graded. In addition to figuring out your essay organization beforehand, you can look up synonyms for words that get commonly used in essays (like â€Å"example† or â€Å"shows†) and prewrite sentences that use these words correctly. For example, for the SAT essay, you could pre-write a way to introduce your examples: â€Å"One instance that illustrates [x] can be found in [y]" (where [x] is the point you're trying to make and [y] is the place from which you're taking your example). Finally, on a semi-related note, because you know that you’ll have to use examples to explain your reasoning on the essay, you can also come up with the examples you’ll use beforehand and get good at writing about them. The better you know your examples, the more organized your writing will be on the essay (because you won’t have to waste valuable time trying to think of what exactly happened in The Hunger Games that proves your point). For more on this, see our article on the 6 examples you can use to answer any SAT essay prompt. So What’s The Issue? Problems occur when you rely on other people's skeletons, rather than coming up with your own. In theory, there’s nothing wrong with looking at other people’s essay skeletons to help inform your own- in fact, I've even written up a helpful template on this blog for SAT and ACT essays. The issue arises when you move beyond using the organizational aspects of someone else’s skeleton to copying words directly from someone else. Skeleton - French anatomical engraving byUniversity of Liverpool Faculty of Health Life Sciences, used under CC BY-SA 2.0/Cropped from original. You did whaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaat? A Spooky Tale of Essay Skeleton Plagiarism Out of the 600+ SAT essays I’ve graded over the last three months, I’ve seen the same essay skeleton come up 7 times. I know that it’s an essay skeleton because the key phrase repeated from essay to essay (â€Å"critics are too dogmatic in their provincial ideology†) was so unusual (and kind of grammatically incorrect) that I commented on it specifically the first time it showed up (to point out vocab misuse...because it just wasn’t good writing) and Googled it the second time it showed up. It turns out that this phrase is from an SAT prep skeleton (we're not going to name the book or the author), but it also shows up in various essays around the internet that either copied that prep book or copied a College Confidential posting that plagiarized the book, so I don't know where exactly students were seeing this skeleton. Here's the problem: while the idea of using essay skeletons makes a lot of sense, and even the using of some organizational aspects of another essay skeleton is acceptable, word-for-word copying of sentences is considered plagiarism, and plagiarism is not permitted on the SAT. In fact, it's specifically addressed in the SAT Terms and Conditions. I sent a message to the CollegeBoard asking about the use of essay skeletons and what, exactly, was considered plagiarism. The language used to describe it in the terms and conditions is pretty vague, and I wanted to know if, for instance, a certain number of words had to appear in a row for something to be considered plagiarism. The response I got back only contained the relevant text from the Terms and Conditions: â€Å"ETS reserves the right to dismiss test-takers, decline to score any test, and/or cancel any test scores when, in its judgment, as applicable, a testing irregularity occurs, there is an apparent discrepancy in a test-taker's identification, an improper admission to the test center, a test-taker engages in misconduct, or the score is deemed invalid for another reason, including, but not limited to, discrepant handwriting or plagiarism.† [bolding mine] Basically, if the CollegeBoard thinks you’re plagiarizing, then they can cancel your SAT score. And because the CollegeBoard does not define plagiarism, they basically have the latitude to do one of those â€Å"I know it when I see it† standards with things like essay skeletons. Chances are that you won't get marked down for the essay (other than for using vocab incorrectly), but since the template is so common, why risk it? Take an hour to develop your own template. You'll end up with even better results since you crafted it yourself and will be able to use it with more precision. So what is plagiarism? There's the Google definition, which says plagiarism is taking the work or idea(s) of someone else and not crediting them/presenting it as your own work or idea(s). Plagiarism is generally considered ethically wrong, and in many cases (including with the SAT), it can have real world consequences. You might have read that the writer of the essay template gave permission to reuse the template, and that makes it OK. This is 100% false. Consider this scenario: you're in high school and you're taking AP English. Your brother had the same teacher the year before, and he got As on all his essays. For whatever reason, he gives you permission to reuse his essays in your class. Does that count as plagiarism? 100%. There's no question about it. Your teacher and school don't care whether the writer gave you permission or not. You copied the essay, and that is an ethical lapse that is entirely on you. You'd probably fail the class and/or face whatever other punishment your school has as policy. What Does This Mean For My SAT/ACT Essay? Obviously, using the same word, or even the same couple of words in a row, as someone else isn't plagiarism (otherwise there would be lots of controversies over people using the two words â€Å"of the† together all the time and not citing their sources). A good general rule to follow is to avoid copying more than four words in a row. I’ve seen several essays since that begin with the phrase â€Å"The presupposition that,† which is fine, because it’s a phrase anyone could come up with to describe an assumption, and is relatively short (3 words). The phrase â€Å"these romantic critics are too dogmatic in their provincial ideology,† on the other hand, is problematic because a) it’s way too many words copied from someone else’s work and b) it's honestly not great writing (except in a very specific context), because the vocabulary deployed in the phrase has very specific contexts in which the words are appropriate to use When it comes to preparing for the SAT or ACT essay, it's much better to rephrase in your own words and create your own skeleton. You can (and even should) look at other people’s skeletons/essays for tips, but you should never copy someone else's work word-for-word without making it clear that it's someone else's work. Skeleton figures in heraldic engraving by University of Liverpool Faculty of Health Life Sciences, used under CC BY-SA 2.0/Resized from original. What’s Next? Can’t get enough of those SAT essays? Check out our 15 tips and strategies for writing the SAT essay, as well as a complete list of SAT essay prompts. On the ACT side, we have a corresponding article with tips to raise your ACT essay score, as well as acomplete guide to the new ACT Writing Test (for September 2015 and onward). Want more in-depth essay articles? You’re in luck! We’ve got step-by-step examples of how to write both the SAT and ACT essays, as well as detailed advice for how you can get a perfect 12 on the SAT essay. Reading articles is all very well and good, but how can you get feedback on your practice essays? One way is through trying out the PrepScholar test prep platform, where intrepid essay graders (like myself) give you custom feedback on each practice essay you complete as part of our program. Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points or your ACT score by 4 points? We've written a guide for each test about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. 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Russia vs. Germany essays

Russia vs. Germany essays The only successful attempt to conquer Russia was by the Mongolian army under the leadership of the great Genghis Khan in the 1200s. Many other historical figures have tried to repeat his accomplishments, which somehow eventually led to their downfall. Adolf Hitler was the most recent to try to duplicate Khans achievements. The codename for Hitlers invasion of the Soviet Union was Operation Barbarossa, named after a German emperor that won many military victories. It was the largest offensive force ever assembled for a single operation in military history. Despite impressive victories in most of Europe, Hitler terribly miscalculated his assault on the USSR because he underestimated the forces of the Soviet Union, attacked in the cold Russian winter, and fought on multiple fronts at once. On August 23, 1939, Hitler and Stalin shocked the world by signing a Nazi-Soviet pact. Hitlers intentions were to attack Poland and Western Europe without any fear from an invasion from the East. Stalin signed the pact to buy him some time while his nation mobilized for the inevitable war with Germany. The other alternative for Russia was to ally themselves with Britain and France, but he knew Hitler would attack him right away if he did. After the conquest of Western Europe, Hitler turned his divisions towards the Soviet Union in 1941. The largest battles took place on the Eastern Front, as did the greatest atrocities committed by the Germans. He attacked on June 22, and believed his Wehrmarcht would capture Moscow in eight weeks. The Germans attacked in three directions, North, West, and South of Russia. The north army was to capture Leningrad, and the central was to conquer Ukraine, and the south to capture Caucasus. Many high ranking German officers felt the Red Army coul d not successfully resist a German advance on the Soviet capital. To their dismay, Hitler insisted on giving Leningrad and Kiev priority. It w...

Teaching Students with Learning Difficulties Assignment

Teaching Students with Learning Difficulties - Assignment Example Offer the student with speech disorder chance to speak in the class. Give her time to communicate, don't disrupt or attempt to fill up in gaps for her. Speak to her naturally. (Mercer & Mercer, 1998) Teacher Presentation When the teacher is in class teaching, the teacher ought to do the following the 6years old with cerebral palsy and difficulty in communications 1. Should make contact and maintain the contact with the student. 2. Allow her to tape the lessons. 3. Offer and interpreter (signed English) to her, if she requires another kind of communication to understand 4. Assist and Encourage in facilitation of involvement in discussions and activities. 5. Be patient. Field Experiences Physical education in vital in health fitness and general well being of students, Physical education develops strength, maintains body mobility at the same time it challenges the mind and the body. All young people irrespective of their disabilities need to benefit from the positive advantage of physical education. Starting from an early age students should be involved in physical education to which will help them have confidence in their abilities and they chose activities that much their interests and needs. For our student the teacher will have to; 1. Have a Discussion with the student to find out any particular requirements, difficulties or alternatives she foresees in the physical education learning setting. 2. Consider alternative exercises/ activities which the student can utilize with a lesser amount of difficulty, except has similar or same learning goals. 3. Make individual advance preparations with the curators throughout inactive visiting field tours. 4. Provide assistance in the field; however also offer positive support when that student demonstrates...They could show tantrums, use unkind words loudly, or become listless. (Mercer & Mercer, 1998) Communication disorders entail a broad range of difficulties in speech, hearing and language. For instance, speech and talking disorders comprise stuttering, dysfluency, aphasia, voice disorders, articulation difficulties, impediments in speech and talking, and phonological disorders. These disorders may be due to some environmental factors, high risk register problem being the most common. (Mercer & Mercer, 1998) Students having communication disorders ought to be persuaded to talk about their functional difficulties as well as their needs in confidential in the initial week of learning and to discuss methods for compensation. Physical education in vital in health fitness and general well being of students, Physical education develops strength, maintains body mobility at the same time it challenges the mind and the body. All young people irrespective of their disabilities need to benefit from the positive advantage of physical education. Starting from an early age students should be involved in physical education to which will help them have confidence in their abilities and they chose activities that much their interests and needs. For our student the teacher will have to; Testing is an important aspect of assessing al students to know how much their have understood what they l

Analysing Changes in Tesco's Environment and how the firm Deals with Assignment

Analysing Changes in Tesco's Environment and how the firm Deals with Them - Assignment Example The current crisis is on the path to exceed the crisis of oil in depth and extent and so the time calls for all the nations to come together and face the existing challenges. The second principle takes into account the actions that are suited to various economic phases. The third principle asks to take a comprehensive approach over horizons of time. The specific measures include measures that aim to support employment. In this measure emphasis is put on emergency employment opportunities that will create new jobs and provide a safety net for the casual workers. The supports that can be provided by the government are increasing the level of subsidies or unemployment benefits. The government can also lend its hand to support re-employment and provide opportunities that will help to develop the vocational skills of the labor force. The support system should also include the persons with disabilities. Among the financial measures the policies includes promoting the financial intermediary services for smooth functioning, to bring the small and medium sized enterprises under the financial support systems, the support system should also consider the large and medium sized companies. ... The countries dependent on exports as a result was losing precious foreign exchange. Performance of Tesco in times of recession The company that has been selected for the project is Tesco Plc Ltd. The company has got the headquarters at United Kingdom and id the multinational grocery of Britain. The company is ranked third in the world when measured by revenues and ranked second when measured by profits. The company operates in 14 countries across many continents and is the leader of the market in UK. The company is also listed in the LSE (London Stock Exchange). The company held its position during the global financial crisis and faced huge competition. The degree of competition can be determined by share of the market, consumer base, and penetration into the market. The factors that can be accounted for is the â€Å"Terry Leahy factor’. The Chief executive officer of the company declared that the company has only become stronger after recession than it was before recession. Tesco is involved in opening up new stores in different corners of the world. One cannot account for any single reason for the success of the company during the times of recession but the foremost or the prime reason that can be accounted is the focus of the company on the consumers. It sounds simple but rarely companies follow this step. The size of the company also matters. The company took the initiatives to sell more. The resultant was better terms of buying. The general economic theories played in the market and that equals to lower prices as well as higher levels of profit. The virtuous circle is complete when the lower prices attract more selling potential. The range of the prices was designed to serve the

2 Questions Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

2 Questions - Assignment Example Liking - so now that the consumer is fully aware and knowledgeable about the product, he begins to relate the product with itself and establishes a connection. At this stage, the marketer should already know which level consumers feel the product and should draft their ad campaigns accordingly. It is best for the marketer to now evaluate his consumer base as to whether they think the company offers a better product than its competitors. Conviction - the second to the last stage. Now the consumer is hit with strong advertising and reasons to want to purchase the product over the competitors. A conviction must be created within the mind of the client to support the product. So the marketer must push the advertisement in such a way that the consumer will feel that the competitors cannot compete with this particular brand. Purchase - the final step in the buyer readiness - stage. The effective product information dissemination and strong advertising push creates a conviction within the clients mind that gives him the confidence to push through with the purchase of the product. Once the sale occurs within the consumer base of the product, then the marketer can effectively say that he has done his job properly. 2. An appeal is what an advertiser doe sin order to get a consumer to purchase a product or service. There are three types of appeals that are commonly used in advertising by marketers. These appeal types are known as: Ethical Appeal - this is an appeal targeted at at someones or somethings image. The public does not normally come across this type of advertising unless it is election season. This is because politicians use this advertising platform to present themselves in a better light than the other candidates, oftentimes using criticisms to make them more appealing to the voter. Consumers though, normally do not use this kind of dialog unless they are writing to a company to complain

Orsanmichele as Puzzling Reality Essay Example for Free

Orsanmichele as Puzzling Reality Essay Orsanmichele is a place where religion and great art come together. The church was initially build as the grain market and in the long road of its historical development it has became a Florentine church. Orsanmichele belongs to one of the most famous buildings in Florence. Florence is one of the most beautiful places in the world, where religion, mystery, art and history came together. Orsanmichele is known to be a gain market that shared a space with the image of the Virgin. Orsanmichele served both religious and civic functions and, therefore, the idea that Orsanmichele is place, where religion and art came together, is valuable. A small oratory dedicated to Saint Michael is seen in Orsanmichele. In the middle of the 13th century the Florentine government decided to make way for grained market and, in such a way, Orsanmichele emerged in historical context. Protecting the grain vendors from elements, Orsanmichele appeared to belong to great art due to its original brick structure and a number of arcades. In the end of the 13th century the Compagnia Della Madonna di Orsanmichele was formed to sign hymns to the Virgin and, in such a way, Orsanmichele obtained its religious meaning. Orsanmichele is known to depict vividly the market’s chaotic conditions during the famine in the 14th century. In the early 14th century a great fire damaged Orsanmichele and the image of Virgin was damaged as well. Then a new imaged was installed, but, it goes without saying that initial attitude towards it was distorted as the imaged proved to be inadequate as people believed the image of the Virgin was miraculous. The statuary of Orsanmichele is a relic of pride of Flroentine population and they constantly remind that a great art is a result of competitive climate. Summing up, Orsanmichele is entailed with religious meaning as the image of the Virgin was miraculous; and it was the place of great art as a number of great arcades, statues and sculptures are built there.

Birth Control Through the Times Essay -- Contraceptives, Birth Control

The idea of men and women having control of their familial future is nothing new. In fact, the use of contraception dates back to ancient Egyptian times. Despite the controversy that often surrounds the use of birth control, history shows that the need for pregnancy prevention existed even before most modern religions were established. This paper will cover the colorful history of what we now know as birth control, through the centuries and up to modern times. Hopefully, this can give the audience a good idea about how necessary this concept is, and to look at the idea of controlling your destiny with objectivity. Beginning in ancient times, people saw a need to control the amount of children that they may have. One civilization in particular, the ancient Egyptians, had novel approaches to birth control. Drawings found from the time, around 3000 B.C., depicted men wearing condom like devices. This civilization also had what is called a pessary, which is an object or mixture that is inserted into the vagina to block or kill sperm. Some of their mixtures may have included pebbles, crocodile dung, or even rock salt. The Egyptians also used sea sponges drenched in lemon juice; much like a woman today might use a sponge with a spermicidal. The Egyptians weren’t the only ancient civilization to utilize birth control methods; the ancient Greeks used a method of post coital birth control. This method was employed when the couple was done with sexual intercourse, and the woman was to squat and apply pressure to the abdomen to rid the vagina of semen. Yet another approach from within the same ti me period was that of Aristotle, who recommended that women â€Å"anoint that part of the womb in which the seed falls† with olive oil, cedar oil, or f... ...e or not to have children. This is a pattern that will no doubt persist in the future as long as laws allow it. With that said, hopefully some insight can be gained by learning about the history of birth control, and perhaps it can demystify this taboo that no one wants to talk about. Works Cited Clemmitt, Maricia. "Controversies of Women's Access to Birth Control." Women's Health 2006. Gale Opposing Viewpoints in Context. Web. 18 Feb. 2012 Cornblatt, Johanna. "The History of Birth Control." Newsweek - National News, World News, Business, Health, Technology, Entertainment, and More - Newsweek. Newsweek, 2009. Web. 18 Feb. 2012. "Religious Views on Birth Control." Wikipedia. Web. 18 Apr. 2011. http://www.wikipedia.org. Stacey, Dawn. â€Å"What Do Religions Say About Birth Control and Family Planning?† About.Com 2011. www.about.com. Web. 5 March. 2012.

PFC Robert C. Burke-USMC :: essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  PFC Robert Charles Burke on 7 November 1949 in Monticello, Illinois and enlisted in the Marine Corps from Chicago, Illinois. The Marine died on 17 May 1968 in the Southern Quang Nam Province, Republic of Vietnam (South). He received the Congressional Medal of Honor posthumously for conspicuous gallantry and intrepidity at the risk of his life above and beyond the call of duty. PFC Burke was serving as a machine gunner with Company I, 3d Battalion, 27th Marines (3/27), 1st Marine Division (REIN), FMF.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The citation, which was signed by then President Richard M. Nixon, reads as follows:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"For conspicuous gallantry and intrepidity at the risk of his life above and beyond the call of duty for service as a machine gunner with Company I on Operation ALLEN BROOK. Company I was approaching a dry river bed with a heavily wooded tree line that borders the hamlet of Lee Nam, when they suddenly came under intense mortar, rocket propelled grenades, automatic weapon and small arms fire from a large, well concealed enemy force which halted the company’s advance and wounded several marines. Realizing that key points of resistance had to be eliminated to allow the units to advance and casualties to be evacuated. Pfc. Burke, without hesitation, seized his machine gun and launched a series of 1-man assaults against the fortified emplacements. As he aggressively maneuvered to the edge of the steep river bank, he delivered accurate suppressive fire upon several enemy bunkers, which enabled his comrades to advance and move the wounded marines to position s of relative safety. As he continued his combative actions, he located an opposing automatic weapons emplacement and poured intense fire into the position, killing 3 North Vietnamese soldiers as they attempted to flee. Pfc. Burke then fearlessly moved from one position to another, quelling the hostile fire until his weapon malfunctioned. Obtaining a casualty’s rifle and hand grenades, he advanced further into the midst of the enemy fire in an assault against another pocket of resistance killing 2 more of the enemy. Observing that a fellow marine had cleared his malfunctioning machine gun he grasped his weapon and moved into a dangerously exposed area and saturated the hostile tree line until he fell mortally wounded.

Evolution of Financial Management Essay

The Traditional Phase:This phase has lasted for about four decades. Its finest expression was shown in the scholarly work of Arthur S. Dewing, in his book tilted the Financial Policy of Corporation in 1920s. In this phase the focus of financial management was on four selected aspects. It treats the entire subject of finance from the outsider’s point of view (investment banks, lenders, other) rather than the financial decision maker in the firm. It places much importance of corporation finance and too little on the financing problems of non-corporate enterprises. The sequence of treatment was on certain episodic events like formation, issuance of capital, major expansion, merger, reorganization and liquidation during the life cycle of an enterprise. It laid heavy emphasis on long-term financing, institutions, instruments, procedures used in capital markets and legal aspects of financial events. That is, it lacks emphasis on the problems of working capital management. It was criticized throughout the period of its dominance, but the criticism is based on matters of treatment and emphasis. Traditional phase was only outsiders looking approach, over emphasis on episodic events and lack of importance to day-to-day problems. The Transition Phase: It began in the early 1940’s and continued through the early 1950’s. The nature of financial management in this phase is almost similar to that of the earlier phase, but more emphasis is given to the day-to-day (working capital) problems faced by the finance managers. Capital budgeting techniques were developed in this phase. Much more details of this phase is given in the book titled Essays on Business Finance. The Modem Phase: It began in the mid 1950’s and has shown commendable development with combination of ideas from economic and statistics has led the financial management to be more analytical and quantitative. The main issue of this phase is rational matching of funds to their uses, which leads to the maximization of shareholders’ wealth. This phase witnessed significant developments. The area of advancement was – capital structure. The study says the cost of capital and capital structure is independent in nature. Dividend policy, suggests that there is the effect of dividend policy on the value of the firm. This phase has also seen one of the first applications of linear programming. For estimation of opportunity cost of funds, multiple rates of return-gives way to calculate multiple rates of a project. Investment decision under conditions of uncertainty gives the formula for determination of expected cash inflows and variance of net present value of project and also defined how probabilistic information helps the firm to optimize investment decisions involving risk. Portfolio analysis gives the idea for the allocation of a fixed sum of money among the available investment securities. Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM), suggests that some of the risks in investments can be neutralized by holding a diversified portfolio of securities. Arbitrage Pricing Model (APM), argued that the expected return must be related to risk in such a way, that no single investor could create unlimited wealth through arbitrage. CAPM is still widely used in the real world, but APM is slowly gaining momentum. The Agency theory emphasizes the role of financial contracts in creating and controlling agency problems. Option Pricing Theory (OPT), applied Martingale pricing principle to the pricing of real estates. The cash management of models (working capital management) by Baumol Model, Miller and Orglers, Baumol models helps to determine optimum cash conversion size; Miller model reorder points and upper control points and Orglers model helps to determine optimal cash management strategy by adoption of linear programming application. Further new means of raising finance with the introduction of new capital market instruments, such as Pads, Fads, PSBs and Caps, etc. Financial engineering that involves the design, development and the implementation of innovative financial instruments, and formulation of creative optional solutions to problems in finance. Even though, the above mentioned developed areas of finance is remarkable, but understanding the international dimension of corporate finance formed a very small part of it, which is not sufficient in this era of globalization.

Definition and Examples of the Historical Present Tense

Definition and Examples of the Historical Present Tense In English grammar, the historical present is the use of a verb phrase in the present tense to refer to an event that took place in the past. In narratives, the historical present may be used to create an effect of immediacy. Also called the  historic present, dramatic present, and narrative present. In rhetoric, the use of the present tense to report on events from the past is called translatio temporum (transfer of times). The term translation is particularly interesting, notes German English literature educator Heinrich Plett, because it is also the Latin word for metaphor. It clearly shows that the historical present only exists as an intended tropical deviation of the past tense. (Plett, Henrich. Rhetoric and Renaissance Culture, Walter de Gruyter GmbH Co., 2004.) Examples and Observations It is a bright summer day in 1947. My father, a fat, funny man with beautiful eyes and a subversive wit, is trying to decide which of his eight children he will take with him to the county fair. My mother, of course, will not go. She is knocked out from getting most of us ready: I hold my neck stiff against the pressure of her knuckles as she hastily completes the braiding and the beribboning of my hair. ... (Walker,  Alice. Beauty: When the Other Dancer Is the Self. In Search of Our Mothers Gardens: Womanist Prose, Harcourt Brace, 1983.) There is a famous story of President Abraham Lincoln, taking a vote at a cabinet meeting on whether to sign the Emancipation Proclamation. All his cabinet secretaries vote nay, whereupon Lincoln raises his right hand and declares: The ayes have it. (Rodman, Peter W.  Presidential Command, Vintage, 2010.) Verbs in the historic present describe something that happened in the past. The present tense is used because the facts are listed as a summary, and the present tense provides a sense of urgency. This historic present tense is also found in news bulletins. The announcer may say at the start, Fire hits a city center building, the government defends the new minister, and in football City, United lose. (Language Notes, BBC World Service.) If you introduce things which are past as present and now taking place, you will make your story no longer a narration but an actuality. (Longinus,  On the Sublime, quoted by Chris Anderson in  Style as Argument: Contemporary American Nonfiction, Southern Illinois University Press, 1987.) An Example of the Historical Present in an EssayI’m nine years old, in bed, in the dark. The detail in the room is perfectly clear. I am lying on my back. I have a greeny-gold quilted eiderdown covering me. I have just calculated that I will be 50 years old in 1997. ‘Fifty’ and ‘1997’ don’t mean a thing to me, aside from being an answer to an arithmetic question I set myself. I try it differently. ‘I will be 50 in 1997.’ 1997 doesn’t matter. ‘I will be 50.’ The statement is absurd. I am nine. ‘I will be ten’ makes sense. ‘I will be 13’ has a dreamlike maturity about it. ‘I will be 50’ is simply a paraphrase of another senseless statement I make to myself at night: ‘I will be dead one day.’ ‘One day I won’t be.’ I have a great determination to feel the sentence as a reality. But it always escapes me. ‘I will be dead’ comes with a picture of a dead body on a bed. But it’s mine, a nine-year-old body. When I make it old, it becomes someone else. I can’t imagine myself dead. I can’t imagine myself dying. Either the effort or the failure to do so makes me feel panicky. ... (Diski, Jenny. Diary,  London Review of Books, October 15, 1998. Report title At Fifty in  The Art of the Essay: The Best of 1999, edited by Phillip Lopate, Anchor Books, 1999.) An Example of the Historical Present in a Memoir  My first conscious direct memory of anything outside myself is not of Duckmore and its estates but of the street. I am adventuring out of our front gate and into the great world beyond. Its a summers day - perhaps this is the very first summer after we moved in when Im not yet three. I walk along the pavement, and on into the endless distances of the street - past the gate of No. 4 - on and bravely on until I find myself in a strange new landscape with its own exotic flora, a mass of sunlit pink blossom on a tangled rambler rose hanging over a garden fence. I have got almost as far as the garden gate of No. 5. At this point, I somehow become aware of how far I am from home and abruptly lose all my taste for exploration. I turn and run back to No. 3. (Frayn, Michael. My Fathers Fortune: A Life, Metropolitan Books, 2010.) The You-Are-There IllusionWhen the reference point of the narration is not the present moment but some point in the past, we have the historical present, in which a writer tries to parachute the reader into the midst of an unfolding story (Genevieve lies awake in bed. A floorboard creaks ... ). The historical present is also often used in the setup of a joke, as in A guy walks into a bar with a duck on his head. ... Though the you-are-there illusion forced by the historical present can be an effective narrative device, it can also feel manipulative. Recently a Canadian columnist complained about a CBC Radio news program that seemed to him to overuse the present tense, as in UN forces open fire on protesters. The director explained to him that the show is supposed to sound less analytic, less reflective and more dynamic, more hot than the flagship nightly news show. (Pinker, Steven.  The Stuff of Thought, Viking, 2007.) A Warning From the PastAvoid the use of the historical present unless the narrative is sufficiently vivid to make the use spontaneous. The historical present is one of the boldest of figures and, as is the case with all figures, its overuse makes a style cheap and ridiculous. (Royster, James Finch and Stith Thompson,  Guide to Composition, Scott Foresman and Company, 1919.)